(b) Benthic ecosystems

Some are benthic, but most are pelagic.

The species diversity of pelagic ecosystems is low compared to benthic ecosystems.

Deep water fisheries often target features, such as seamounts and ridges, where food inputs advected by topographically enhanced currents support benthic communities dominated by hard and soft corals, sponges and other suspension feeders.

These can be broadly divided into the pelagic (water column) and the benthic (seabed) ecosystems.

These services include food production and provision of habitats for aquatic invertebrates, fish, benthic infauna and plants.

In addition, bottom fisheries are known to induce considerable damage to benthic habitats and other underwater features.

A distinctive fauna has been identified close to the seabed known as the hyper benthic or benthopelagic fauna.

These conditions will slowly spread into the creeks, with serious consequences to marine bottom dwelling species and benthic fauna.

Bottom trawls pick up these benthic communities as by catch or otherwise reduce them to rubble.110 Given the slow growth of deep water corals and uncertain rates of recruitment, the re establishment of deep water coral reefs will probably take centuries to millennia.

And it's destroying that precious benthic community on the bottom, things like sponges and corals, that critical habitat for other animals.

The benthic zone is the ecological region on, in and immediately above the seabed, including the sediment surface and some sub surface layers.

The pelagic and benthic environments are high in biodiversity,5 suggesting a greater number of species exist in the sea than on land.

There are also virtual communities or online communities.

Most live pelagically in open water, although some live as surface films at the water sediment interface (benthic), or even under damp atmospheric conditions.

Based on the results of this survey, Saudi Arabia states that impacts of the 1991 oil spills persist in near shore subtidal benthic environments.

An abundance of large predators such as cetaceans are also attracted to these localities, which may be regarded as pelagic and benthic hot spots.

Autonomous communities

Local communities

There are also emerging molecular, chemical, optical and acoustical technologies, which will help to improve the understanding of biological diversity in the pelagic and benthic environments.

We activate communities.

But private communities, private, corporate, privatizing communities, are not bottom up democracies.

But in the non Muslim communities of the Middle East, such as some Christian communities, Eastern communities, you see the same practice.

These communities in these cities are actually more vital than the illegal communities.

i. Accessing the Communities

Strengthening families and communities

24. European Communities (EC)

local and global communities

Referring, matchmaking with communities.

Implementation Urban communities usually offer curbside collection while rural communities provide drop off collection service.

Building Sustainable Communities E Zine.

World Council of Muslim Communities

9 Luxembourg, European Communities, 2004.

Empowering communities and civil society

Attention to Mexican communities abroad

World Federation of Therapeutic Communities

Poverty reduction in fishermen communities

Poverty reduction in fishermen communities

(f) Vulnerable groups and communities.

Commission of the European Communities

Very similar communities, very similar.

But communities are doing it.

These canopy communities are fragile.

From different cultures, communities, religions.

The second, communities empowering women.