Short term capital outflows, however, were considered to be the main reason for the outflow of capital. 117

The first is the flood of short term capital heading their way.

Another global financial crisis could disrupt short term capital inflows.

(iv) Initiate measures that mitigate the impact of excessive volatility of short term capital flows.

There have been some increases in capital requirements but far short of what is needed.

Short term working capital loans to microenterprise initiatives remain the core service of the programme.

Direct interventions, restrictions on short term capital inflows, capital gains taxes, and stabilizing prudential banking regulations will all have to be considered.

Private and official transfers continued to the subregion. The amount of short term private capital and some capital repatriation attracted by high rates of interest was significant.

Unlike depositors, bondholders generally are not free to withdraw their capital on short notice.

Growth that relies on capital inflows or commodity booms tends to be short lived.

e Including long and short term capital, unrequited official transfer payments, and errors and omissions.

e Including short and long term capital, unrequited official transfer payments, and errors and omissions.

The problem? An invasion of short term capital flows fleeing the slow growth, low interest rate advanced countries.

Lastly, he was concerned about the relatively short period of time set aside for consideration of the capital master plan.

The Fund has no instrument to provide short term liquidity to emerging markets facing capital volatility.

To some extent, this is understandable, given the focus on short term liquidity and capital flows.

2001 Short term private capital flows and economic crises, case study, Asian Tigers, Oxford, United Kingdom.

2. The most dynamic components were private short term capital, including repatriation, and foreign direct investment.

8. Resources received by Central America in 1992 consisted of short run capital inflows, repatriation of capital, credit provided in the framework of structural adjustment programmes and transfers by nationals living overseas.

In a serious financial crisis, banks find that the declining market value of many of their assets leaves them short of capital.

There is an outflow of capital from developing regions either to meet those rising costs or to be invested in the developed world, leaving those regions woefully short of capital for investment.

In short, Arab countries are hemorrhaging social capital, which can significantly derail economic recovery and state building.

ICTs enabled finance tools include credit or payment cards for export financing or short term working capital.

Concerned about the excessive volatility of speculative short term capital flows and the contagion effects in financial markets in times of crisis,

India has been left to finance its external deficit increasingly through short term borrowing, the most capricious form of international capital.

In short, Japan s national savings still exceed its domestic investment, allowing Japan to be a net capital exporter.

Under option one, UNOPS relies on short term, rapid return portfolios to build its investment capital and reserves.

There was the view that, in capital markets, long term flows should be liberalized before short term ones.

Moreover, when short term capital constituted a large proportion of these inflows, a potential element of volatility was introduced into the economic situation.

In the short term, the problems of the capital base and cash flow are not linked to the issue of the scale of assessments.

(b) Stupendous increases, of 150 per cent in certain years, in the net inflow of short term capital, including capital repatriation, in particular in Asia in 1991 and in Latin America in 1992 and 1993

In other words, the exodus of human capital, while providing a source of currency in the short term hampers our countries' long term development.

Meanwhile, the lack of bank capital will continue, weighing heavily the European economy s short run performance and undermining its longer term growth potential.

Lastly, debt growth was somewhat restrained by the dynamism of non debt related capital movements, especially foreign direct and indirect investment (in equity capital), as well as the flow of resources to short term deposits in the region apos s banking systems, reflecting in part a repatriation of capital.

The key is to reflect on six kinds of capital goods business capital, infrastructure, human capital, intellectual capital, natural capital, and social capital.

20. Notes the importance of an orderly, gradual and well sequenced liberalization of capital accounts to strengthen the ability of countries to sustain its consequences so as to mitigate the adverse impact of the volatility of short term capital flows

According to the report, the net positive transfer of financial resources to the developing countries was due, in particular, to short term private capital.

A positive inflow of foreign short run and investment capital more than compensated for current account deficits, although international reserves decreased in Guatemala and Honduras.

The first is that capital market liberalization opening up developing countries financial markets to surges in short term hot money is dangerous.

Moreover, since the flow was attributable mainly to private short term capital, there was no assurance that the trend would be sustained.

The effectiveness of monetary expansion could be enhanced in advanced countries by reducing the leakages generated by the carry trade and other short term capital outflows.

The occasion was Brazil s decision to impose a 2 tax on short term capital inflows to prevent a speculative bubble and further appreciation of its currency.

A serious discussion of global capital account regulations would benefit both advanced and emerging market economies. The effectiveness of monetary expansion could be enhanced in advanced countries by reducing the leakages generated by the carry trade and other short term capital outflows.

Efratti of From Nation's Capital to Nation's Capital adds

The authors conclude that, by reducing the share of short term foreign currency debt in a country s total liabilities, capital controls can reduce vulnerability to financial crises.