Well, such a mechanism would indeed reduce raters negative incentives to compete with one another to please issuers of securities, and to pursue innovations and improvements that enable raters to serve issuers better.

Securities issuers and traders were required to release more information, and were subjected to higher transparency standards.

Securities laws require that issuers of corporate bonds spell out all possible risks.

We thought that the issuers of such securities would have, in effect, a form of recession insurance.

It is expected that an early dialogue between issuers and investors will lead to a quick rehabilitation of debtors and restore market access.

The second shaky principle is that, in order to validate these instruments, issuers of CDOs relied on credit rating agencies.

Bond investors heavy reliance on credit rating agencies, which tend to be laxer with powerful issuers, has not been fixed.

The existence of alternatives to the dollar will mean that the issuers of internationally used currencies will feel market discipline earlier and more consistently.

In addition, one representative stressed the need for cooperation with, and training of, licence issuers too, given that they could be instrumental in combating illegal trade.

This can be done by making raters profits depend not on satisfying the issuers that select them, but on performing well for investors.

(c) Good faith actions, which postulate that issuers and bond holders agree on the usefulness of a common understanding on best practices for engagement in cases of default.

Many issuers of sovereign bonds were able to meet a substantial portion of their annual financing needs early in 2005 and to extend maturities of the bonds issued.

The CDO market, however, was concentrated six or seven issuers controlled most of the market, and this market ended up representing 50 of the entire revenues to be gained through ratings.

And the problem isn t limited to such financial products with issuers of other debt securities choosing and compensating the firms that rate them, the agencies still have strong incentives to reciprocate with good ratings.

Countries contemplating joining the bandwagon of sovereign bond issuers would do well to learn the lessons of the all too frequent debt crises of the past three decades.

All of a sudden, issuers had much more influence on the rating agencies, which, like any good seller, were ready to bend a little not to alienate important customers.

The improvement in net private flows reflects an increasing incidence of credit rating upgrades of emerging market sovereign debt issuers, resulting in a new high in average credit quality and an increasing percentage of emerging market sovereign bonds with an investment grade rating.

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