This external dependence increases their vulnerability to external economic threats and shocks.

This makes economies significantly less vulnerable to external shocks.

China is thus far more vulnerable to external shocks.

Debt sustainability is also affected by vulnerability to external shocks.

Both factors severely limited flexibility and responsiveness to external shocks.

Means of recovery from natural environmental disasters and external economic shocks

External shocks brought about by climate change will directly affect advanced economies.

The most immediate challenge is to safeguard the financial system s stability against external shocks.

Several participants pointed out that many developing countries remained vulnerable to external economic shocks.

Moreover, external shocks, policy mistakes, and political instability could disrupt even the best laid plans.

Globalization has increased the vulnerability of the developing and transition economies to adverse external shocks.

The bad news is that Asia seems to be learning little from repeated external demand shocks.

In these circumstances, immunity from external shocks or decoupling, as it is often called seems fanciful.

Since then, many of China s inherent strengths have been sapped by all too frequent external shocks.

Successful coordination in fiscal and monetary affairs would enable the region to manage external shocks successfully.

However, economic growth and expectations are constantly threatened by inappropriate macroeconomic policies, poor economic management and external shocks.

Small island developing countries are vulnerable to external economic shocks and have a basic lack of economic resilience.

Abroad, he has moved to mitigate the blowback to Russia from a series of external political and economic shocks.

Culture is a major source of protection for small island developing States to absorb the external shocks of globalization.

These countries all had strong external balance sheets and ample room for fiscal maneuver before the crisis, which allowed them to apply countercyclical policies to combat external shocks.

Two external shocks first from the US, and now from Europe have transformed the Four Uns into an action plan.

Nevertheless, they still face substantial difficulties in participating in services trade, and their exports are particularly vulnerable to external shocks.

They are better at adjusting to external economic shocks (such as terms of trade declines or sudden stops in capital inflows).

Oh! Shocks!

Relatively faster growth, milder external shocks and a strong government commitment to HRD explain the region apos s performance in this area.

96. Previous UNU research had focused on stabilization policies essentially designed to tackle shorter term problems arising from external and internal shocks.

Growth must become more stable, with a consistently counter cyclical macroeconomic policy stance, prudent capital account management, and greater resilience to external shocks.

It funded the investment imperatives of economic development and boosted the cushion of foreign exchange reserves that has shielded China from external shocks.

Many countries therefore view the development of local currency bond markets to be an important policy priority that reduces vulnerability to external shocks.

H. Implications of macroeconomic policy, external shocks and social protection systems for poverty, inequality and social vulnerability in Latin America and the Caribbean

Germany s Five Shocks

That Committee rightly considered lack of economic diversification as an indicator of the exposure to shocks and recognized that small countries tended to be more vulnerable to external shocks than large ones (E 2005 33, paras. 26 and 27).

In fact, they amassed far more than they needed 6.5 trillion, at last count effectively becoming over insured against external balance of payments shocks.

Now, in a low inflation environment, flexibility is properly regarded as an important tool to avoid misalignments and to shield economies from external shocks.

But nowhere are bubbles modeled the economy is assumed to do nothing more than respond in a completely rational way to these external shocks.

When one considers the evidence about external economic shocks over the past year or two, what emerges are stories whose precise significance is unknowable.

Some participants indicated the need for creating in IMF a low conditionality facility to help developing countries handle external shocks with less strenuous adjustments.

In 2015, no less than in 1989, European nation states need more insurance against external pressures and strategic shocks than the nation state can provide.

Two kinds of institutions in particular need shoring up conflict management institutions to enhance economies resilience to external shocks, and institutions that promote productive diversification.

Another, more plausible theory is that over the past fifteen years there have been various external challenges or shocks that have hit the country simultaneously.

The build up of official reserves in East Asia and other developing countries will provide them with extra means to deal with possible external shocks.

This, together with external shocks and severe recessions, made fixed exchange rate regimes untenable, first in Mexico, later in Brazil, and then, spectacularly, in Argentina.

Latin America has achieved substantial progress in its macroeconomic policy framework, giving its authorities increased room for maneuver in softening the impact of external shocks.

The combination of external shocks and internal pressure from rising wages can serve as a powerful incentive for governments and businesses to pursue structural reforms.

It placed special emphasis on SMEs, which accounted for about 80 per cent of Indonesia's economy and had proved to be resistant to external shocks.