But Chinese policymakers should also recognize the significant risks inherent in relaxing capital controls.

More importantly, the crisis highlighted the risks associated with high dependence on foreign capital.

Capital controls, whatever their benefits in terms of mitigating the risks associated with volatile capital flows, are costly in a variety of ways.

None of this is to say that the risks of foreign capital flows have evaporated, and that emerging markets should throw open their capital accounts all at once.

Borrowing in domestic currency avoids the risks associated with currency mismatches and pro cyclical foreign capital flows.

Most economists in China seem to support the PBOC s stance, citing the potential benefits of capital account liberalization. But Chinese policymakers should also recognize the significant risks inherent in relaxing capital controls.

Internationally agreed rules stipulate that banks must create capital reserves commensurate to the risks that they take when they invest depositors savings.

The latter course risks the worst of all worlds all of the costs of capital controls and all of the domestic policy complications from volatile capital flows, but few of the potential benefits of foreign capital.

Moreover, when providing their capital to a financial firm, bondholders can generally be expected to obtain contractual terms that reflect the risks they face.

The mutual interaction between the incentive to minimize equity capital and the incentive to gamble in order to exploit the upside risks caused America s crisis.

These risks are already exacerbating the economic slowdown equity markets are falling everywhere, leading to negative wealth effects on consumption and capital spending.

He stressed the importance of microfinance and social capital formulation, which could alleviate risks to smallholders exposed to crop failure, business failure and land degradation.

Thus, large banks are likely to continue to hold too little capital and to take excessive risks, raising the prospect of renewed bouts of financial instability.

To do so, they develop complicated legal claim structures that hardly anyone can fully understand and operate with too little equity capital to cover the risks.

Furthermore, emerging international banking capital adequacy regulations (Basel II), make the credit risks rating of potential borrowers a condition for their access to bank loans.

The participation of foreign investors in these markets means that the risks of sudden reversals of foreign capital inflows is not eliminated.

The first has to do with economic and financial risks. Ditching the euro might trigger a banking crisis, capital flight, inflation, and perhaps even sovereign default.

Capital adequacy was a matter of judgment examiners would figure out how large a buffer a bank ought to have, taking into account its specific risks.

However, since petroleum exploration is costly and carries very high risks, redoubled efforts through appropriate policies and legislation should be made to attract private sector capital.

These risks are especially high at the dawn of a new innovation age. Achieving the socially desirable level of innovative effort then requires either foolhardy entrepreneurs who are willing to take high risks or a sufficient supply of risk capital.

The key is to reflect on six kinds of capital goods business capital, infrastructure, human capital, intellectual capital, natural capital, and social capital.

The risks will undoubtedly grow if sub national authorities and private sector entities gain similar access to the international capital markets, which could result in excessive borrowing.

It should thus be obvious that banks should hold some capital against the risks they assume when lending to governments with particularly high debts or large budget deficits.

Risks

To prevent reproductive health risks.

Today, the global surfeit of liquidity has once again resulted in comparably low risk premia and a resurgence of capital flows, despite a broad consensus that the world faces enormous risks (including the risks posed by a return of risk premia to more normal levels.)

Given China s extensive reform agenda, further opening of the capital account can wait and, in view of liberalization s ambiguous benefits and significant risks, it should.

Audits during the reporting period examined procurement by peacekeeping missions and the risks associated with major construction and facilities management under the capital master plan.

The risks faced by developing countries over the business cycle could be better managed through development of domestic capital markets, especially local currency bond markets.

Efratti of From Nation's Capital to Nation's Capital adds

Venture capital, which is willing to accept higher risks and does not require collateral from borrowers, may be especially suitable in providing finance for small innovative firms in developing countries.

We tend to exaggerate spectacular and rare risks and downplay common risks so flying versus driving.

Occupational risks

Second, there are policy failures, which occur when undisciplined macroeconomic policies and inconsistent or ineffective financial regulatory policies heighten the risks associated with volatile capital flows.

Although there is talk about offsetting these risks with macroprudential policies, no such policies exist in the US, except for the increased capital requirements that have been imposed on commercial banks. There are no policies to reduce risks in shadow banks, insurance companies, or mutual funds.

Moreover, the risks to pension funds may correlate with risks to other economic factors affecting specific groups of workers.

Well, it's going to be capital B and capital B.

A Better Way to Reduce Nuclear Risks

Iodine deficiency and its risks to humans

This poses additional health risks to children.

(a) Identifying risks and exposure to duplication

These also pose risks to human health.

Capital onion soup, capital.

In order to further this aim, they have been used as a modest infusion of quot venture capital quot in areas where such funds are scarce and the risks to private investors are daunting.

However, as noted above, sifting through the ideas and picking the right ones is an expensive task, requiring both entrepreneurs willing to take risks and the availability of the necessary venture capital.