In many cases there appears to be a possibility to classify entire systems under a single tariff heading.

(i) By the use of tariff or non tariff barriers and

Non Tariff Barriers

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Figure 14 Average tariff

(c) Regulations and tariff structure

NAMA It was recognized that all countries have a positive interest in seeking the reduction of tariff peaks and tariff escalation, as well as non tariff barriers.

Formulas for tariff cutting under NAMA should be determined expeditiously so as to drastically reduce tariff peaks and tariff escalations, with adequate SDT made available to developing countries.

(a) Substantial reductions of tariffs, the rolling back of tariff peaks and the removal of tariff escalation

Average tariff levels are only 3 .

13 February 1993 customs tariff reform

Improving market access involved not only tariff reduction but also relaxation of non tariff barriers and rules of origin.

However, more work is needed to find or create the appropriate tariff headings and to address non tariff barriers.

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Market access Tariffs and non tariff barriers

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Nevertheless, scope remains for the liberalization and rationalization of tariffs in non agricultural goods, particularly for the removal of tariff bias, tariff escalation and tariff peaks affecting developing country exports in their major markets.

The Doha Ministerial Declaration (DMD) called for the reduction or, as appropriate, elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers to EGS.

Tariff and non tariff barriers on trade among African countries often remain a major obstacle to increased intraregional or subregional trade.

The agricultural sector is protected through high tariffs, tariff picks, tariff escalation and non tariff barriers in many developed countries, and market access is often denied to products from developing countries, including landlocked developing countries.

In this regard it is urgent to eliminate high tariffs, tariff picks, tariff escalation, non tariff barriers, export subsidies and to substantially reduce trade distorting domestic support for protecting the agricultural sector of developed countries.

It will also take up non tariff barriers.

2 November 1992 Department (FAD) FAD tariff system

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Their exports today face a variety of barriers in their major markets, including non tariff trade barriers and other non tariff measures.

The negotiations should take a balanced view of both tariff and non tariff measures, and also maintain the spotlight on technology transfer.

There was need for the reduction and or elimination of export subsidies, domestic support, tariff peaks and escalation, and non tariff barriers.

We call for better access to markets, in particular preferential markets with lowered tariff and non tariff barriers to trade with industrialized countries.

One assumes that the price changes fully reflect the relevant tariff changes that is, that the tariff changes will fully benefit the consumers.

The tariff was bad economics it made America poorer.

But its top 12 tariff lines 3 of all tariff lines accounted for 59.7 of the total value of its exports to the US.

State management of foreign trade was based exclusively on the application of the internationally accepted means and instruments of tariff and non tariff regulation.

7. As for non agricultural products, we call for reduction or, as appropriate, removal of non tariff barriers, tariff peaks, high tariffs and tariff escalation to enhance market access, in particular for products of export interest to developing countries.

quot (b) Trade distorting policies and practices, including tariff and non tariff barriers, tariff escalation and obstacles to competition influence negatively the ability of developing countries to diversify their exports and undertake the requisite restructuring of their commodity sector

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