Most environmental policy instruments fall broadly into two categories, namely, regulatory measures and economic instruments.

The group calls their version of contingent capital regulatory hybrid securities.

The OECD has also adopted instruments dealing with competition promoting regulatory reform.

7. Adaptive responses being considered include technical responses, institutional changes, economic adjustments and regulatory instruments.

26. During the reporting period, the Government has aimed to establish a legal and regulatory framework for developing financial and capital markets and creating mechanisms for launching new financial instruments in order to be able to attract Lebanese private capital as well as international finance.

In other words, the Fed will use regulatory instruments to control credit growth, risk taking, and leverage.

Recipient countries need to expand emerging domestic capital markets and strengthen the regulatory framework of financial systems.

Switzerland may wish to consider policy and regulatory instruments that will ensure progress in achieving the phase out

The Act also included regulatory measures over banks and non bank financial institutions in compliance with relevant international instruments.

China s decision to execute the head of its drug regulatory agency has rekindled international debate about capital punishment.

A good regulatory framework, including enforcement measures, needs to be established in order to develop a capital market.

More fundamentally, creating the regulatory institutions conducive to ownership separation may be impossible unless a society's political orientation towards labor and capital is more favorable to capital.

In addition to economic instruments, which have a special role in the CO2 reduction programme, climate protection instruments include regulatory requirements, information and consultation programmes and education and training.

Much has already been done to advance regulatory reform, notably the recent agreement to strengthen bank capital (Basel III).

Better repayment prospects and lower regulatory capital costs then fuel the asset based financing of further acquisition of assets.

(a) Promote an economic and regulatory climate that is conducive to inward remittances and to capital inflows, in general.

Basel II also recommends a new, more differentiated and stricter regulatory capital criterion for various types of such ratings.

We need a democratically legitimized world finance organization, equipped with the necessary regulatory instruments, which would supervise major global financial institutions.

This fundamental principle is reflected in the theoretical foreign policy documents and regulatory instruments of the Russian Federation currently being elaborated.

They stressed that a sound regulatory framework had to be in place to complement the opening of a capital account.

We note that success has been made in terms of implementing regulatory and operational instruments on the protection of children in armed conflict.

The pro cyclical boom bust cycles of private capital inflows and outflows underscore the need for developing market institutions and instruments that encourage more stable capital flows.

More importantly, countries could use similar instruments, as part of a true international regulatory regime, to increase the effectiveness of their expansionary monetary policies.

It also emphasises the importance of exploring the full range of policy tools available, including economic instruments, regulatory measures, voluntary action and public information.

Furthermore, by raising regulatory capital costs in boom times, some counterweight to the pro cyclical bias intrinsic to financial systems would be introduced.

Governments, however, need to understand the barriers to investment regulatory failures weak enablers, including financial and human capital poor infrastructure and substandard technology.

Regulatory issues

Regulatory action

partnership regulatory

To the extent that such binding instruments of international organizations constitute international law, they expand and complement the existing regulatory framework at the national level.

In addition to economic instruments, the range of climate protection tools includes regulatory requirements, research and technology development, information and consultation programmes and education and training.

In the area of capital markets, the impact on the stability of evolving financial institutions and instruments should be examined.

To understand the precise problem, you must dip into the latest details of the Prudential Regulatory Authority s capital shortfall exercise with eight major UK banks.

Other regulatory controls

1. Regulatory framework

regulatory government guidance

regulatory voluntary action

Second, there are policy failures, which occur when undisciplined macroeconomic policies and inconsistent or ineffective financial regulatory policies heighten the risks associated with volatile capital flows.

Meanwhile, in developed capital markets, we are busily reinventing these macroprudential instruments, to use the term now in vogue in Basel.

Foreign participation in the financial sector brings expertise needed to provide more efficient savings instruments, risk management, and allocation of capital.

Absent international coordination, the opportunities for destructive regulatory competition will defeat regulatory reform.

Legal and regulatory environment3

Regulatory and control framework

regulatory 0.15MtC (incl. business)

Inflation remains contained, but, more to the point, China s government has an arsenal of other weapons (from taxes on capital inflows and capital gains taxes to a variety of monetary instruments) at its disposal.