Borrowing in domestic currency avoids the risks associated with currency mismatches and pro cyclical foreign capital flows.

But today s Europeans have no domestic currency just the euro.

Interest rates had decreased significantly for domestic and foreign currency.

By limiting the convertibility of its currency, China is avoiding currency markets ability to discipline domestic economic decisions.

Local currency bond markets could help to develop domestic investor bases and mobilize domestic savings to support long term investments.

Those reserves consisted of four times the volume of currency in circulation, which was important to protect against speculative attacks on the domestic currency.

(b) Establishing a hard domestic currency and its convertibility, with the parity 1 dinar 1 deutsche mark

The task required improvements to the domestic financial structure and the ability to develop suitable investment instruments and to issue significant amounts of domestic currency debt.

Asymmetries in currency markets are a particularly important aspect of economic power, since they underlie global trade and financial markets. By limiting the convertibility of its currency, China is avoiding currency markets ability to discipline domestic economic decisions.

The standard way to buffer the effects of austerity is to marry domestic cuts to devaluation of the currency.

A devalued currency would increase exports and would cause Greek households and firms to substitute domestic products for imported goods.

Purpose Official international reserves assets allow a central bank to purchase the domestic currency, which is considered a liability for the central bank (since it prints the money or fiat currency as IOUs).

Bitcoin is a crypto currency, a virtual currency, synthetic currency.

(b) The split between domestic and overseas investments and the regional allocation within the overseas portfolio and the associated currency decisions

These actions are usually justified as policies for boosting domestic demand, but they end up fueling a surrogate, low grade currency war.

Maintaining a competitive currency requires a rise in domestic saving relative to investment, or a reduction in national expenditure relative to income.

Eventually, China s rapid growth will have to be reflected in a significant rise in its currency, its domestic price level, or in both.

Without domestic structural change, currency appreciation would not only undermine exports, but might also decrease imports, owing to higher unemployment and lower income.

Although the role of monetary policy in demand management is limited when a national currency is pegged to a currency such as the dollar, its indirect effect of creating healthy domestic demand could be observed in 2004.

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An undervalued currency also tends to produce an unbalanced growth model of the opposite kind an outsize tradable sector and insufficient domestic aggregate demand.

A deeper and more efficient financial sector would also reduce transaction costs and facilitate risk management. Local currency bond markets could help to develop domestic investor bases and mobilize domestic savings to support long term investments.

The standard way to buffer the effects of austerity is to marry domestic cuts to devaluation of the currency. Devaluation renders exports more competitive, thus substituting external demand for the domestic demand that is being compressed.

These markets can become a strong source of financing for longer term domestic investment, including in infrastructure, thereby reducing currency risk for borrowers and investors.

The risks faced by developing countries over the business cycle could be better managed through development of domestic capital markets, especially local currency bond markets.

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Currency devaluation.

The federal government s budget deficits were financed through foreign and domestic borrowing, and by printing money, which led to inflation and depreciation of the new currency.

Deep and inclusive financial development should be ensured by means of a sound banking system and a strong domestic capital market, preferably in the national currency.

Its debtors and creditors are all members of the same, wealthy currency union, whose current account surplus with the rest of the world means that it is a net exporter of capital (that is, domestic savings exceed domestic investment).