Nearly all oil pipelines in the region head west.

But, as the Ukraine episode indicates, pipelines dedicated to a single country may be less reliable than those that run through several countries.

They also facilitate vertical and horizontal angles in otherwise straight pipelines.

The world does not need any more pipelines to wed our addiction to fossil fuels.

Keyswitch system (4 line)

Most of Turkmenistan's gas is exported through the Russian pipeline system.

Western governments aim to circumvent Russia s pipelines and import some oil and gas directly.

But a Gazprom pipeline typically costs three times as much per kilometer as a similar Western pipeline, because of leakage (kickbacks and waste).

China has managed to secure new hydrocarbon supplies through pipelines from Kazakhstan and Russia.

And here, massive amounts of water are super heated and pumped through the ground, through these vasts networks of pipelines, seismic lines, drill paths, compressor stations.

After all, it would be much cheaper to expand existing land pipelines than to build undersea.

Major public as well as private investments will be needed to build links between various national pipeline grids.

Sources World Bank, World Bank Development Indicators 2005 and Central Intelligence Agency, World Factbook 2005 (pipelines and waterways).

In the field of environmental protection, the Committee noted that a fibre optic sensor system was being used to evaluate fatigue on marine pipelines and risers, and on offshore drilling and oil production rigs.

Pipes

Asia s pipeline network is far too thin, and gas prices are among the highest in the world.

The key to energy security is diversity of pipelines as well as sources of supply.

Indeed, just as BP was being hit with new criminal penalties, ExxonMobil announced yet another pipeline leak in the Niger Delta.

It has built or is building pipelines to Turkey and Germany, taken over an oil company, and sought footholds in European distribution markets.

The Russia that Putin is building has mutated from the post Soviet hopes of freedom into an oil and gas bulwark for his new model ex KGB elite.

Electric pipes

Curved pipes

Take piping.

But today, I've made a little investigation because

Moreover, an existing pipeline network implies that this conventional gas can be brought to Europe at a low marginal cost.

Indeed, his latest gambit is an effort to sell Ukraine s transit pipelines to Russia s Gazprom in exchange for cut rate gas.

Project Pipeline.

Gazprom s ambitions for gaining control of pipeline and energy transport infrastructure must be slowed, which requires allowing independent producers to prosper.

The China National Petroleum Corporation holds a 40 stake in the Greater Nile Petroleum Company and has invested 3 billion in refinery and pipeline construction.

As a result, Petrobras, the Brazilian energy company, has invested huge sums in Bolivia in everything from exploration to pipelines.

An oil depot typically has tankage, either above ground or underground, and gantries for the discharge of products into road tankers or other vehicles (such as barges) or pipelines.

The more pipelines we have, the more silk roads we'll have, and the less of a dominant Great Game competition we'll have in the 21st century.

They actually used 6J6, the common radio tube, because they found they were more reliable than the more expensive tubes.

Natural gas, however, is the weak link. Asia s pipeline network is far too thin, and gas prices are among the highest in the world.

They were using vacuum tubes, very narrow, sloppy techniques to get actually binary behavior out of these radio vacuum tubes.

Thirty Years of Test Tube Babies

Cables, pipelines and artificial islands

That's a fluorescent tube refined.

So, there's 40 of these tubes,

Get down there and crack these pipes over here!

Give up your tips on Willie.

I think we use the stern tubes.

The bombing of a pipeline or other oil facility somewhere in Iraq remains almost a daily occurrence, and the transfer of power has not reduced these attacks so far.

However, a backlog of investments in pipeline and port capacity and more generally in energy infrastructure has put a limit on growth in the sector, at least in the short term.

The diameter of the nanotubes, the distribution of the diameter, the homogeneity along the tubes, and the lengths can be controlled.