Surging oil prices are draining our foreign exchange revenues.

(Tobin s tax applied specifically to foreign exchange trading.)

Since the amount of foreign reserves available to defend a weak currency (a currency in low demand) is limited, a currency crisis or devaluation could be the end result.

In some larger economies, remittances became a significant source of foreign exchange.

Our oil bill is absorbing an increasing percentage of the foreign exchange generated by exports of goods and services.

According to the IMF, the dollar s share in foreign exchange reserves stopped falling in 2010 and has been flat since then.

Growth has been strong, inflation is under control, and international reserves have increased steadily.

Official foreign exchange reserves will soon reach US 2 trillion.

During the same decade, its share in the foreign exchange market also declined the dollar constituted one side or the other in 90 of foreign exchange trades in 2001, but only 85 in 2010.

The first salvos in this war came in the form foreign exchange intervention.

Sterilized foreign exchange intervention keeps domestic interest rates high and feeds the inflows.

Copper and other metal exports account for about 75 per cent of the country's foreign exchange earnings.

The difference, which banks offset through transactions in the inter bank currency market, has a significant impact on China s foreign exchange reserves, but is not equivalent to the net change in foreign exchange reserves during the same period.

Their efforts to self insure, by, say, building up their foreign exchange reserves, perpetuate global economic imbalances.

Since the 1980 s, governments have been pressed to promote exports to earn foreign exchange and import food.

The representative of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) focused on the investment climate and the creation of an environment conducive to FDI.

Furthermore, China should be allowed to convert part of its foreign exchange reserves into assets denominated in the International Monetary Fund s special drawing rights (SDRs).

Indeed, the euro s share in reserve holdings and foreign exchange transactions have both declined by several percentage points in the most recent statistics.

This, in turn, has fueled a roughly 28 annual expansion in China s foreign exchange reserves.

The Chinese government sits atop an astonishing level of foreign reserves greater than 2 trillion.

Financial services, international business and tourism are the main economic sectors and account for the bulk of the Territory's foreign exchange earnings.

They reclassify foreign borrowing as domestic debt in order to look better in the International Monetary Fund s statistics.

Different countries capacity to act depends on their indebtedness, foreign exchange reserves, and current account deficits.

Many emerging markets preferred to self insure by accumulating reserves rather than borrow from the Fund.

But the reality is that neither the euro nor the yen is capable of soaking up China s growing foreign exchange reserves.

The Chinese have 2 trillion in hard currency reserves to back up their promise.

About 800 billion of China s foreign exchange reserves are invested in euro denominated assets.

This alone means that under normal circumstances the purchasing power of China s foreign exchange reserves will automatically depreciate by 4 each year.

But their governments seem to be taking advantage of the bonanza to pay off pending external debt and increase their foreign reserves.

This report would evaluate the sustainability of current account balances and exchange rates, and the adequacy or excessiveness of members foreign exchange reserves.

He built up enormous foreign currency reserves, which cushioned the blow of the 2008 global economic crisis.

It funded the investment imperatives of economic development and boosted the cushion of foreign exchange reserves that has shielded China from external shocks.

Furthermore, since the beginning of this year, Chinese banks valet foreign exchange settlement (foreign exchange purchases that designated banks make for their clients and themselves) has outstripped corresponding sales, resulting in a consistently large surplus also an indication of increased capital inflows.

Of course, China should not rule out the possibility of adjusting the composition of its foreign exchange reserves to mimic the composition of the SDR.

Developing nations should also push for a Tobin tax a tax on global foreign currency transactions.

If allowing a currency to appreciate freely is costly, the second option is unsterilized foreign exchange intervention.

Second, the costs of the insurance premium the outsize, largely dollar denominated reservoir of China s foreign exchange reserves have been magnified by political risk.

So instead of using its vast foreign exchange reserves to bolster the international system, China is picking up strategic assets on the cheap.

The problem is that foreign holdings of dollar securities are no longer primarily foreign exchange reserves in the traditional sense.

Travellers' cheques and notes in all major foreign currencies may be exchanged at any commercial bank and most hotels and foreign exchange counters.

That has severe implications in terms of unemployment, social dislocation, psychological distress and the dramatic loss of urgently needed foreign exchange earnings.

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