Legal consequences of an internationally wrongful act

The internationally wrongful act of a State

Countermeasures in respect of an internationally wrongful act

(a) The internationally wrongful act has ceased and

the internationally wrongful act of an international organization

Elements of an internationally wrongful act of a State

Characterization of an act of a State as internationally wrongful

Aid or assistance in the commission of an internationally wrongful act

Where several States are injured by the same internationally wrongful act, each injured State may separately invoke the responsibility of the State which has committed the internationally wrongful act.

(b) The act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that State.

Direction and control exercised over the commission of an internationally wrongful act

The State responsible for the internationally wrongful act is under an obligation

(b) The act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that State.

(b) The act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that organization.

Direction and control exercised over the commission of an internationally wrongful act

(b) the act would be internationally wrongful if committed by that organization.

(e) Countermeasures must cease immediately when the internationally wrongful act has ceased.

(a) The act would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State and

(a) The act would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State and

The overall criterion is always that of effective reparation for the wrongful act.

Article 12 Aid or assistance in the commission of an internationally wrongful act

Every internationally wrongful act of a State entails the international responsibility of that State.

Article 13 Direction and control exercised over the commission of an internationally wrongful act

There is also an internationally wrongful act of an international organization when it aids or assists a State or another international organization in the commission of an internationally wrongful act by that State or organization

(a) The act would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State or international organization and

(a) The act would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State or international organization and

(a) the act would, but for the coercion, be an internationally wrongful act of the coerced State or international organization and

A State responsible for an internationally wrongful act is under an obligation to make restitution, that is, to re establish the situation which existed before the wrongful act was committed, provided and to the extent that restitution

(a) That State does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act and

(a) That organization does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act and

(a) That organization does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act and

(a) That State does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act and

(a) that organization does so with knowledge of the circumstances of the internationally wrongful act and

Even where the purpose of countermeasures was to put a stop to an internationally wrongful act, it must be recognized that strict regulation of countermeasures entailed a risk of producing the opposite effect namely, encouraging the wrongful act.

He wondered whether it should be understood as an obligation to re establish the situation that had existed before the wrongful act had been committed, or the situation that would exist if the wrongful act had not been committed.

There is an internationally wrongful act of a State when conduct consisting of an action or omission

A different scenario would exist if the mandated conduct necessarily implied the commission of a wrongful act.

58. Article 8 provided succinctly that compensation was due for the damage caused by the wrongful act.

1. Where several States are responsible for the same internationally wrongful act, the responsibility of each State may be invoked in relation to that act.

2. Injury includes any damage, whether material or moral, caused by the internationally wrongful act of a State.

A State which directs and controls another State in the commission of an internationally wrongful act by the latter is internationally responsible for that act if

A State which directs and controls another State in the commission of an internationally wrongful act by the latter is internationally responsible for that act if

However that might be, that exception appeared to be unfairly favourable to the State having committed the wrongful act.

40. Article 10 bis, which gave the injured State the right to obtain from the wrongdoing State assurances or guarantees of non repetition of the wrongful act, further supplemented the set of remedies available to a State which was injured by an internationally wrongful act.

(a) Article 16 of the articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts only considers the case that a State aids or assists another State in the commission of an internationally wrongful act.