Mr. Paul Dobson, Professor, Competition Economics, Marketing and Retailing Research Group, Loughborough University, United Kingdom

Retailing of gasoline

The informal retailing sector will have a role to play once markets are opened and formal retailing expands. FDI facilitates the switch from informal to formal retailing.

In developed countries, food retailing practices require a rethink.

Commission agents' services, wholesale trade services, retailing services, and franchising

Quite clearly, the established framework of retailing is being fundamentally overhauled.

Consumer demand has been the main factor responsible for lower prices in retailing.

There are about 115,000 people who are retailing telephone services in their neighborhoods.

Anita Roddick, the great founder of The Body Shop, once said, I love retailing.

And at the same time, certainly in Rwanda, it destroyed the local retailing industry.

In spite of recent developments, retailing continues to be one of the least developed industries in India, and the growth of organized retailing has been much slower than in the rest of the world.

The US productivity miracle and the emergence of Wal Mart style retailing are virtually synonymous.

Retailing is the largest private industry in India and the second largest employer after agriculture.

The sector is dominated in terms of turnover by food retailing and consumer care products.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

Mergers and acquisitions have played an important role in the growing concentration of the retailing industry.

Growing use by retailers of own brands and discount retailing have also been driving prices down significantly.

South African retailing companies have expanded to other African countries in search of opportunities not available domestically.

Distribution services in Colombia contribute 4.5 per cent of GDP, of which retailing accounts for 1.5 per cent.

Distribution services are driven by innovation, with such segments as retailing becoming the most attractive destinations for investment.

Retailing analyst Victor Lebow articulated the solution that has become the norm for the whole system. He said

Regulation and regulatory issues emerge as the next frontier or opportunity for ensuring sustained growth in the retailing sector.

Following the GATS services sectoral classification, distribution services include commission agents' services, wholesale trade services, retailing services, and franchising.

An estimated additional 101 million in regional personal income from value added processing, distribution, wholesaling and retailing likely was generated.

Factors promoting trade liberalization The globalization of retailing has been spurred by both push and pull factors (see table 5).

The increasing concentration has generated strong competition among retail establishments, which has translated into lower retailing margins and benefits to consumers.

G S and private labels have a significant effect on market behaviour and increase the market power of large retailing conglomerates.

However, the market structures remain quite diverse across countries for example, modern retailing accounts for 85 per cent in the United States but is only nascent in India (where it accounts for 1 to 2 per cent) and accounts for 20 per cent of overall retailing in China.

Commission agents' services (CPC 621) Wholesale trade services (CPC 622) Retailing services (CPC 631 632 6111 6113 6121) Franchising (CPC 8929) Other

The transaction was considered to be largely a horizontal merger with some vertical elements between the merging parties' furniture manufacturing and retailing operations.

The process of opening the retail sector in China began in 1992 when foreign investment was allowed in retailing on a trial basis.

The programme decided to maintain an embargo on retailing such loans in the West Bank and kept its outreach low in the Gaza Strip.

A typical Corporatist economy might contain thirty or so corporations foods, heavy industry, textiles, chemicals, etc. each encompassing raw materials, production, distribution, and retailing firms.

The regulatory environment has been highly liberal and regulations have been by and large limited to codes related to the construction of retailing real estate.

In distribution of tourism products, the role of wholesalers continues to be important, along with the emerging trend towards on line retailing of tourist packages.

In Europe, for example, on line retailing accounts for 2 per cent of total grocery sales, but it is growing by 50 per cent annually.

Finally, the economic cost of labour used in the manufacture of tobacco products, as well as in retailing, is the opportunity cost of that labour.

The GATS proposals on energy services classification capture services such as wholesale trade services, retailing services and storage services they refer to sales of fuels and wholesale brokerage (CPC 62113) wholesale trade services of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels and related products (CPC 62271) and retailing services of fuel oil, bottled gas, coal, and woods (CPC 63297).

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In the large scale retailing segment, domestic companies still dominate the market the three largest retailers are national firms controlling almost 60 per cent of the market.

The financial risk associated with retailing this high risk long term loan product in the prevailing economy of the occupied Palestinian territory was too great to merit expansion.

On line retailing is still in its infancy and represents a minor share of total sales, but it is significant for selected products, such as books and computers.

The overall on line retailing business in the United States reached 40 billion US dollars in 2002 and is expected to grow to more than 130 billion in 2006.

The real question is how India s creaking supply chains will respond when consumers leapfrog hypermarkets and go online. No other country has created a logistical network directly for online retailing.