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Think of ciphers as virtual locks.

And so people wanted to design ciphers that use electric motors. In particular, these ciphers are called rotor machines because they use rotors.

They were able to decrypt German ciphers back in World, in

Cryptography begins when we abandon physical locks and use 'ciphers' instead.

Okay, so let me give you a few historic examples of ciphers.

The problem now, is to break five Caesar ciphers in a repeating sequence.

By the mid 15th century, we had advanced the polyalphabetic ciphers to accomplish this.

I am sure all of you played the substitution ciphers when you were in kindergarten.

later on in the course. There are many, many other types of ciphers. I mentioned

Today there are new ciphers, things like the advanced encryption standard which uses 128 bit keys.

Here I'm gonna show you a variant of one of his ciphers, this is called a Vigener cipher.

In this segment, I want to give a few examples of stream ciphers that are used in practice.

Here, I'm just going to give you a few examples of historical ciphers, all of which are badly broken.

The intense academic scrutiny the algorithm received over time led to the modern understanding of block ciphers and their cryptanalysis.

Now the reason we say that these are symmetric ciphers is that both the encrypter and decrypter actually use the same key K. As we'll see later in the course, there are ciphers where the encrypter uses one key and the decrypter uses a different key.

Ciphers allow Alice and Bob to scramble and descramble their messages so that they would appear meaningless if Eve intercepted them.

In 2006, Elad Barkan, Eli Biham, Nathan Keller published the full version of their 2003 paper, with attacks against A5 X Ciphers.

In fact, there are many examples of proprietary ciphers that, as soon as they were reverse engineered, they were easily broken by simple analysis.

Select the ciphers you wish to enable when using the SSL protocol. The actual protocol used will be negotiated with the server at connection time.

As in the Soviet era, state and governmental officials will be reduced to party ciphers the role that President Medvedev will play under General Secretary Putin.

In fact, we're gonna be seeing ciphers that are perfectly secure, or, you know, that are adequately secure, with key spaces that are roughly of this size.

American cryptologists William and Elizebeth Friedman won the Folger Shakespeare Library Literary Prize in 1955 for a study of the arguments that the works of Shakespeare contain hidden ciphers.

So to talk about ciphers the first thing I'm going to do is introduce our friends Alice and Bob, who are gonna be with us for the rest of the quarter.